What is a recommended folder structure for a Playwright or Selenium test framework?

Playwright TypeScript — recommended structure:

/
├── pages/                  ← Page Object classes
│   ├── BasePage.ts
│   ├── LoginPage.ts
│   └── CheckoutPage.ts
├── tests/                  ← Test specs, grouped by feature
│   ├── auth/
│   │   └── login.spec.ts
│   └── checkout/
│       └── checkout.spec.ts
├── fixtures/               ← Playwright fixtures (custom test() extensions)
│   └── testFixtures.ts
├── helpers/                ← Shared utilities (db helpers, API clients, date utils)
│   ├── dbHelper.ts
│   └── apiClient.ts
├── testData/               ← External test data (JSON, CSV)
│   └── users.json
├── config/                 ← Environment-specific config
│   ├── env.ts
│   └── playwright.config.ts
├── reports/                ← Generated by CI, gitignored
└── package.json

Selenium Java — common structure:

src/
  test/
    java/
      pages/
      stepdefs/       ← if BDD
      utils/
      base/           ← BaseTest, BaseConfig
      listeners/      ← TestNG listeners for reporting
    resources/
      testData/
      config/
        config.properties
      features/       ← if BDD

Principles:

• Tests should import from pages/ and utils/, never from other test files
• Config reads environment variables or a .env file — no hardcoded URLs in test code
• Reports directory is gitignored but preserved in CI artifacts
• Feature-grouping under tests/ is better than type-grouping (no "all positive tests in one folder")