Core Design Patterns — quiz

A team has selectors like `By.id("submit-btn")` duplicated across 12 test methods. Every time the dev team renames the button, 12 tests break. Which pattern fixes this, and how?

• Data-driven testing — externalize the selector string to a CSV file
• Page Object Model — encapsulate the submit button locator inside a `CheckoutPage` class. All 12 tests call `checkoutPage.clickSubmit()`. When the selector changes, update one line in one class
• Replace `By.id` with `By.xpath` for more robust selectors
• Record-and-playback, which regenerates selectors automatically on each run